Pathophysiology and pharmacotherapy courses are designed to provide advanced knowledge to understand the rationale for various therapeutic strategies. Therapeutic drug regimens will be presented as well to define appropriate doses, reasonable therapeutics goals, necessary monitoring parameters, clinically significant drug-drug interactions and adverse effects of the various medications. Establish a individualized pharmacotherapeutic plan using evidence based medicine. Pathophysiology and pharmacotherapy II will focus on respiratory, renal, muscular and gastrointestinal diseases.